Latin American City Structure Model

In 1980, geographers Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford developed a generalized model to describe the structure of cities in Latin America after concluding that the organization of many cities in that region grew following certain patterns. Their general model (diagrammed here) claims that Latin American cities are built up around a core central business district (CBD). Out of that district comes a commercial spine that is surrounded by elite housing. These areas are then surrounded by three concentric zones of housing that decrease in quality as one moves away from the CBD. Background and Development of Latin American City Structure As many Latin American Cities began to grow and develop during colonial times, their organization was mandated by a set of laws called the Laws of the Indies. These were a set of laws issued by Spain to regulate the social, political, and economic structure of its colonies outside of Europe. These laws mandated everything from treatment of the Indians to the width of the streets. In terms of city structure, the Laws of the Indies required that colonial cities have a grid pattern built around a central plaza. Blocks near the plaza were for residential development for the citys elite. The streets and development farther from the central plaza were then developed for those with less social and economic status. As these cities later began to grow and the Laws of the Indies no longer applied, this grid pattern worked only in areas with slow development and minimal industrialization. In faster growing cities this central area became built up as a central business district (CBD). These areas were the economic and administrative cores of the cities but they did not expand much prior to the 1930s. In the mid- to late 20th century the CBD began to further expand and the organization of the colonial cities of Latin America was mostly demolished and the stable central plaza became the node for the evolution of an Anglo-American styled CBD. As the cities continued to grow, various industrial activities built up around the CBD because of a lack of infrastructure father away. This resulted in a mix of business, industry, and homes for the wealthy near the CBD. Around this same time, Latin American cities also experienced in-migration from the countryside and high birth rates as the poor tried to move closer to cities for work. This resulted in the development of squatter settlements on the edge of many cities. Because these were are on the periphery of the cities they were also the least developed. Over time, however, these neighborhoods became more stable and gradually obtained more infrastructure. Model of Latin American City Structure In looking at these developmental patterns of Latin American cities, Griffin and Ford developed a model to describe their structure that can be applied to almost all major cities in Latin America. This model shows that most cities have a central business district, one dominant elite residential sector, and a commercial spine. These areas are then surrounded by a series of concentric zones that decrease in residential quality farther from the CBD. Central Business District The center of all Latin American cities is the central business district. These areas are home to the best employment opportunities and they are the commercial and entertainment hubs for the city. They are also very well developed in terms of infrastructure and most have many modes of public transportation so that people can easily get into and out of them. Spine and Elite Residential Sector After the CBD the next most dominant part of Latin American cities is the commercial spine that is surrounded by residential developments for the most elite and wealthy people in the city. The spine itself is considered an extension of the CBD and it is home to many commercial and industrial applications. The elite residential sector is where nearly all of the citys professionally built houses are and the upper class and upper middle class live in these regions. In many cases, these areas also have large tree-lined boulevards, golf courses, museums, restaurants, parks, theaters, and zoos. Land use planning and zoning are also very strict in these areas. Zone of Maturity The zone of maturity is located around the CBD and is considered an inner city location. These areas have better-constructed homes and in many cities, these areas have middle-income residents who filtered in after the upper class residents moved out of the inner city and into the elite residential sector. These areas have a fully developed infrastructure. Zone of in Situ Accretion The zone of in situ accretion is a transitional area for Latin American cities that is between the zone of maturity and the zone of peripheral squatter settlements. The homes are of modest qualities that vary widely in size, type, and quality of materials. These areas look like they are in a constant state of on-going construction and homes are unfinished. Infrastructure such as roads and electricity is only completed in some areas. Zone of Peripheral Squatter Settlements The zone of peripheral squatter settlements is located on the edge of Latin American cities and it is where the poorest people in the cities live. These areas have virtually no infrastructure and many homes are built by their residents using whatever materials they can find. Older peripheral squatter settlements are better developed as residents often continually work to improve the areas, while newer settlements are just starting. Age Differences in Latin American City Structure Like the age differences present in the zone of peripheral squatter settlements age differences are important in the overall structure of Latin American cities as well. In older cities with slow population growth, the zone of maturity is often larger and the cities appear more organized than younger cities with very fast population growth. As a result, the size of each zone is a function of the age of the city and of the rate of population growth in relation to the economic capacity of the city to absorb effectively additional residents and to extend public services. Revised Model of Latin American City Structure In 1996 Larry Ford presented a revised model of Latin American city structure after further development in the cities made them more complicated than the 1980 general model showed. His revised model (diagrammed here) incorporated six changes to the original zones. The changes are as follows: 1) The new central city should be divided into a CBD and a Market. This change shows that many cities now have offices, hotels, and retail structures in their downtowns as well as their original CBDs. 2) The spine and elite residential sector now have a mall or edge city at the end to provide goods and services to those in the elite residential sector. 3) Many Latin American cities now have separate industrial sectors and industrial parks that are outside of the CBD. 4) Malls, edge cities, and industrial parks are connected in many Latin American cities by a periferico or ring highway so that residents and workers can travel between them easier. 5) Many Latin American cities now have middle class housing tracts that are located close to the elite housing sector and the periferico. 6) Some Latin American cities are also undergoing gentrification to protect historical landscapes. These areas are often located in the zone of maturity near the CBD and the elite sector. This revised model of Latin American city structure still takes into account the original model but it allows for new the development and changes that constantly occur in the rapidly growing Latin American region. Resources and Further Reading Ford, Larry R. A New and Improved Model of Latin American City Structure. Geographical Review, vol. 86, no.3, 1996.Griffin, Ernest and Ford, Larry. A Model of Latin American City Structure. Geographical Review, vol. 70, no. 4, 1980.

Kant s Critique Of Pure Reason Essay - 1380 Words

Kant Modern Philosopher Immanuel Kant, was born in Prussia in 1724 and passed away in 1804. Kant wrote the famous book â€Å"A Critique Of Pure Reason† where he mentions and talks about David Hume, and how he himself was awoke from his stubborn beliefs. Many people find Kant’s Theory as a form deontological ethics; where actions of right and wrong. Does not depend on their consequences, but on whether they fulfill our duty and/or obligations. Immanuel Kant emphasized the idea that we have duties and rules to follow. We as humans should act with reason and think in regards to others not in ourselves only. In other words, we need to â€Å"universalize† our actions before we act upon them. To begin with, Kant mentions â€Å"good will† in Chapter 12 The Categorical Imperative: from the book Exploring Ethics: An Introductory Anthology. By Steven Cahn. Kant states, â€Å"A good will is not good because of its effects or accomplishments and not because of its adequacy to achieve any proposed end: it is good only by virtue of its willing- that is, good in itself† (Kant 99-100). With this mention Kant elaborates the idea of â€Å"good will† comes from the will to do whatever is right thing or way; no matter what the situation. Others might think of â€Å"good will† also as being brave, intelligent, happiness, and many etc. Even though being smart and brave will bring happiness to our lives. It can also be a bad thing and can alter our reason and actions in a negative way. Also intelligence is a good withoutShow MoreRelatedThird Breaking Down His Most Important Philosophies1097 Words   |  5 PagesFoundations of Natural Science 3. Critique of Practical Reason 4. Critique of the Power of Judgment 5. Critique of Pure Reason a. Knowledge b. Metaphysics Topic: Critique of Pure Reason In order to understand Kant’s position, we must first understand the philosophical environment that influenced his thinking. There are two major historical movements in the early modern period of philosophy that had a very large impact on Kant: Empiricism and Rationalism (Kemerling). Kant argues that both the methodRead MoreHeidegger, Kant, And The Ontological Argument985 Words   |  4 PagesHeidegger, Kant, and the Ontological Argument In the introduction to The Basic Problems of Phenomenology, Martin Heidegger explains that throughout the history of philosophy, there has been many discoveries of the â€Å"domains of being† viz., â€Å"nature, space, and soul†. However, none of these discoveries could be appreciated in a way that clarifies â€Å"their specific being.† As an example, Heidegger interprets this problem, as the reason Plato understood why the soul, along with its logos, was a differentRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Philosophy And Philosophy1389 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper- Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant was a famous philosopher whose philosophical influences impacted almost every new philosophical idea, theory, concept etc. In a sense, he was considered the central face of contemporary philosophy. Kant spent his whole life in Russia. Starting out as a tutor, to then a professor, he lectured about everything; from geography to obviously philosophy. In his early life, he was raised to emphasize faith and religious feelings over reason and theological principlesRead MoreKant : The Father Of Enlightenment1071 Words   |  5 PagesMarquis Essay 2 Kant: The Father of Enlightenment The 18th Century is referred to as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment as it was during this period that reason and individualism was advocated as a means of power. Science and reason were revolutionizing society by challenging the facts deeply rooted in tradition. This new rational way of thinking used logic to arrive at conclusions. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, was one of the primary figures of this era that cultivated reason and whose worksRead MoreKant s Philosophy On Moral Education1554 Words   |  7 PagesPaper One: Kant on Moral Education Jennifer Penkov: 1345217 Phil 444, Dr Alan McLuckie Friday, February 12, 2016 Word Count: 1, 567 This paper will focus on Kant s account of a moral education as found in his Lectures on Pedagogy. It will begin by discussing why Kant believed that education, specifically moral education, is necessary for a human being to realize her Bestimmung (destiny), but not necessary for non-rational animals to reach their natural vocations. It will analyze the role a moralRead MoreEmmanuel Kant and Moral Theory1589 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest contributions to moral theory is the concept of pure practical reason that, as an alternative to moral sense theory or teleological ethics, more positively views the capability of fallible individuals to act morally. Practical reason, the basis of Kantian metaphysics, was revolutionary because it challenged skepticism towards human moral capacities and insisted that the moral faculty is an implicit part of common human reason. Practical reason is an instrumental theory in Kants Metaphysics ofRead MoreSchool Of Humanities And Communication Arts1126 Words   |  5 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Note: An examiner or lecturer/tutor has the right not to mark this assignment if the above declaration has not been signed) Explain the following quote from Kant: ‘Beautiful is what, without a concept, is liked universally.’ (p37 of the Reader) In the exposition of the beautiful that Immanuel Kant offers in his Critique of Judgement, the second moment of the analysis states that the beautiful is that which pleases universally without a concept. The statement seeks to establish three claimsRead MoreKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Kantian Ethics and critiques In Elements of Pure Practical Reason Book, I, Immanuel Kant, a prominent late Enlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strictRead MoreKant s Critique Of Judgment1128 Words   |  5 PagesAn Excerpt from Kant s Critique of Judgment In the first part Analytic of the beautiful, Kant elucidates the judgment of taste. Kant examines the mechanics in distinguishing whether something is beautiful or not and arrives to the realization that beauty is purely intuitive. The judgment of beauty relies not on cognition and reason but on an entirely different aspect .Then, whether an object is beautiful or not depends on the sensation of pleasure or pain the subject undergoes through exposureRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 PagesImmanuel Kant and David Hume. Immanuel Kant had many theories throughout his philosophical time. Here are some of his ethical works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), which contains both â€Å"the Doctrine of Right† and â€Å"the Doctrine of Virtue.† He also had some other works of importance to his moral philosophy including the Critique of the Power of Judgment ( 1790), Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (1793)

Cyber Security Various Aspects Conducting -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Cyber Security Various Aspects Conducting? Answer: Introducation This research study has focused on the challenges and risks included in the cyber security and its benefits on the virtual network of an organization. This study has highlighted various risks and threats in the cybersecurity of an organization. The strategy and process of the research is decided in this week that helps in maintaining a proper path in order to complete the research. I am able to understand different risks and threats including cyber-attacks, disaster security, network security and information security. In third week, I researched about the literature review writing related to the research topic. I have fulfilled the aim of the study to analyze the cyber security aspects in an operations. In this research study, I have learned basic concept about cybersecurity in the IT field. The use of the cybersecurity strategies has helped in maintaining the security of the data and information of the companies in the market. In the first week of study, I have to understand the research topic related to the cybersecurity and made a proper plan for proper proceeding in the study. In order to collect information related to the research topic, I have read various online journals, articles and reports related to the cybersecurity in the IT field. In this context, I have learned various steps included in the research for successfully conducting it. This research has helped in gaining experience related to the cybersecurity roles in an organization. I have learned how cybersecurity of an organization works for providing security from different cyber-attacks. I have gained positive experience in order to maintain myself updated with advanced technology used in the market by the different organization. The use of the internet in various departments o the company have been acknowledged. I have learned the importance of the internet in an organization. I have also understood the challenges faced by an organization due to the use of the internet. I have learned about the dark side of the internet. Different cyber threats and illegal activities are done with the help of the internet. The literature review chapter of the research has focused on the basic concept of cybersecurity in an organization. I have learned about the NIST from this research study. I have learnt about the governance roles and responsibility in order to take control over the cybersecurity matter in the organization. I have understood the importance of government in order to prepare strategies for controlling cyber-attacks on the organizations. Various types of cyber-attacks have been described in the study including brute force attack, social engineering, distributed denial of attack, phishing attack and malware attacks. I have learned about the mitigation strategies imposed by the organization to remain safe from cyber-attacks. Antiviruses and firewalls have helped in restricting harmful viruses and malware from entering into the server and network of the organization. Restricting third-party authentication might help in controlling the entrance of viruses and use of third-party restriction to the security system of the company. I have read various journals and articles for gathering knowledge and data related to the types of attacks over the internet. Various journals have talked about different benefits and challenges of the internet and cybersecurity in the organization. I have come to know about different benefits of the internet and cybersecurity including business development overseas, connection with various clients, proper communication and confidentiality. The use of the internet has helped in developing the business of the organization. I have used a proper methodology for the conduction of the study on benefits and challenges of the cybersecurity in the business organization. The two types of research approaches have been discussed in the study including inductive and deductive approach. I have learned that the inductive approach focuses on careful observation, analysis and data evaluation. The deductive approach is quantitative and data collected is processed after proper reflection, it is analyzed. I have learned about the types of research design including explanatory and descriptive. I have used the descriptive research design that has helped in focusing on the research objectives and collecting data and information related to the research topic. This research design has requirement for providing proper data and information in order to perform proper data analysis. I have used both primary and secondary method of data collection. I have researched on various online journals, articles, books and governmental databases for collecting data and information related to the benefits and challenges of the internet and cybersecurity in an organization. The use of the secondary method has helped in gaining proper data and information related to the research. The sixth week focuses in the interviewing in qualitative research. They have shared their knowledge regarding the cybersecurity that has been beneficial for my knowledge and career. However, I have prepared survey questionnaires that were structured and close-ended. I have used the probability-sampling method. However, I have some limitations in conducting this research study. My budget related to the study was limited. Therefore, I was not able to use expensive technology for conducting the research. Many online journals and articles were not accessed, as I have to buy them. The time constraint was also limited by the budget. This has been a major problem for filtering their answers for correct data. The language was a problem in gathering data and information from the participants due to cultural diversity. In eight week I have learned about nature and sampling in quantitative research. The IT experts were not ready to answers all the questions that I have asked during the interview. Therefore, I have faced some limitations in conducting the research. However, I have managed in conducting the research successfully. I have gained a positive experience by conducting this research on the cybersecurity. I have gained various knowledge about the use of cybersecurity in an organization. This will help me in developing my career. Being a student, I have gained knowledge about the corporate world by interacting with various IT experts of the organizations. I have searched a lot over the internet related to the benefits and challenges of the cybersecurity in the organization. In the seventh week, qualitative analysis has been discussed. I have come to know about different benefits of the internet and cybersecurity including business development overseas, connection with various clients, proper communication and confidentiality. The importance of the security of the data and information in the organization has been gained. I have learned about the challenges in using the internet in a wrong way. This might help me in using my own computer and installing antivirus and firewalls for keeping my computer safe from cyber-attacks. I have read various journals and articles for gathering knowledge and data related to the types of attacks over the internet. In eleventh week, different analysis of the outcomes have been analyzed. I was able to meet different IT experts during the interview and observing their views on cybersecurity. This has been a great motivation for me in IT field and I would like to continue my career in the IT field. Weekly Analysis Week 1: In first week, I have learned about the nature and process of the research. These strategies include use of firewall and antivirus. I understood that the cybersecurity is s an important concept for different companies in the market. The future research might deals with other theories and models related to the cybersecurity. The data analysis have cleared my opinion related to importance of cybersecurity in the company. .Week 2: The second week describes about the research design and planning process of the research. The three types of research design are descriptive, explanatory and exploratory (Mackey and Gass 2015). Descriptive design has been used in a research that helps in focusing in objectives. Week 3: The third week focuses in the literature review related to research topic. Various concepts of cybersecurity has been discussed. The definitions of cybersecurity according to NIST has been referred to the research. Week 4: The fourth week refers to the ethical and legal considerations involved in the research. The Data protection Act 1998 has been followed in the research in order to secure data and information (Pannerselvam 2014). Week 5: The fifth week deals with the nature of qualitative research and sampling technique. Data has been collected from 10 managers and 40 employees. Week 6: The sixth week has focused on interviewing and focus groups. The data collected from the interview has been taken as observational data (Knobe and Nichols 2013). I have managed to organize a face-to-face interview with IT experts of different organizations. I have a great experience of meeting and talking with those IT experts. Week 7: The seventh describes about the qualitative analysis of collected data. Qualitative analysis deals with the secondary data analysis. Week 8: The eight week focuses on the sampling in the quantitative research methodology. Participants of the survey have not provided correct answers to the survey questionnaires and filled it haphazardly (Pannerselvam 2014). Week 9: The ninth week describes about the structured interviewing. I have also collected primary data from 10 managers and 40 employees. I have organized survey with those participants Week 10: The tenth week focuses on the structured observation and analysis. Three IT experts were interviewed in order to take their views and answers related to the cybersecurity in their company. Week 11: The eleventh week deals with secondary analysis and quantitative data analysis. I have organized interviews in order to collect data from the IT expert of various organizations. Week 12: The twelfth week relates with the mixed research method. I have learned a practical experience of cybersecurity and its various aspects by conducting this research. I have used qualitative way research methodology. This approach has helped me focus on the objectives of the research. References Knobe, J. and Nichols, S. eds., 2013.Experimental psychology (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Abingdon: management. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.